What are Mycorrhizal fungi?

You see it on bags everywhere at lawn and garden centers: “Includes Mycorrhizal fungi.” But do your plants really need it?

Mycorrhizal fungi (pronounced mahy-kuh-rahy-zul) are microscopic cells that grow as long threads or strands. These strands are called hyphae and measure only several thousandths of an inch in diameter, spanning in length from a few cells to many yards. They are a beneficial parasite that partners with plants to help them absorb nutrients from soil, resist pathogens, and survive drought.

Fungi and bacteria are the primary vehicles through which organic matter decomposes. Bread mold, mushrooms, yeast, and lichens are common examples of fungi that you can see with the naked eye. However, thousands more fungi are too small to be seen, living in the air and soil, under rocks, on plants, on water molecules, on our skin, and virtually everywhere. They are probably the least understood yet most valuable form of life on earth. Until recently, Fungi were classified as part of the plant kingdom but now fall into their own classification, as they have no stems, flowers, roots, or leaves or the ability to manufacture chlorophyll.

[su_quote cite=” Brian Capon, Botany For Gardeners” url=”https://www.bigblogofgardening.com/garden-book-review-botany-for-gardeners-by-brian-capon/”]”Mycorrhizae (plural, as there are multiple fungi in this class) are certain beneficial soil fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the tender, young roots of many species of higher plants, including corn, peas, apples, citrus, poplar, oak, rhododendron, birch, and pine and other conifers. The fungus penetrates the root tissues, surrounds the roots, and extends into greater volumes of soil than the plant’s root hairs are able. The nutrients that the fungus mycelium taps, especially phosphorous and nitrogen, are used both for its own benefit and that of the host plant. In return, the higher plant supplies the fungus with photosynthesized foods, including sugars.”[/su_quote]

Healthy, properly managed garden and lawn soil includes plenty of these interdependent, microscopic plant helpers. But in soil abused by years of chemical-style gardening, rototilling, sterilization, and compacted soil, the population of these fungi may be so far reduced as to barely exist. In these latter examples, it’s wise to add Mycorrhizal fungi around your existing plants and around the root ball of transplants.

Why Fungi are important to plant growth and garden soil

• Along with bacteria, fungi convert hard-to-digest organic material into forms that other organisms can use through decomposition.
• Fungi bind soil particles with their sticky hyphae, which increases a soil’s water-holding capacity and infiltration.
• Like bacteria, fungi are important for immobilizing certain nutrients in the soil, in some cases keeping those elements locked in the soil for hundreds of years, waiting for specific plants to absorb them.
• Fungi help to “purify” soil, as they are capable of breaking down certain pollutants.
• Mycorrhizal fungi belong to a class called “mutualists”. In exchange for carbon from the host plant, these fungi help deliver soil nutrients to the plant. They may either grow on the surface layers of plant roots (typically with trees), or grow within the cells of roots (typical of grasses, row crops, vegetables, and shrubs).

[su_quote cite=” Jeff Lowenfels & Wayne Lewis, Teaming With Microbes” url=”https://www.bigblogofgardening.com/garden-book-review-teaming-with-microbes/”] …there are some situations where it seems to us to always make sense to add Mycorrhizal fungi. The first is when starting seedlings in containers, whether indoors or outside. Most potting soil and even compost is devoid of Mycorrhizal fungal spores and propagules and may even be sterilized. Adding the right fungi at this stage will help establish Mycorrhizal fungi early. If you are taking on land where fungicides were previously applied,… (or) if you are facing soils that have been exposed to heavy concentrations of chemical fertilizers, consider inoculating seeds, starts, and transplants for a season or two… Fungal colonization has been shown to increase as one moves from conventional chemical and tiller-based farming or gardening to sustainable… practices.[/su_quote]

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How to create a hospitable environment for Mycorrhizal fungi

• If you need to sterilize your soil to get rid of a pest, be sure to add fungi back in after sterilization. Sterilizing your soil kills nearly every living creature in it, good and bad.
• Rototilling damages soil structure and literally tears up the fungi living there. The fungi may not be destroyed, but they sure will be beat up and take years to re-populate. Rototilling may mix the fungi so deep in the soil that they prove useless, as they need to live in a plant’s root zone to survive and to be beneficial.
• Mycorrhizal fungi networks grow quicker in undisturbed soil.
• Compost provides the food that encourages the colonization of fungi
• If your lawn or garden was flooded, or experiences heavy traffic, the soil may have become compacted. If so, aerate and then add Mycorrhizal fungi when you introduce new plants into the soil.

Mycorrhizal fungi help your plants, trees, shrubs and lawn thrive, so it’s important to create a hospitable environment for them. While you may not need to add them in, it’s important that you not create conditions which discourage their development.